Description
Skeleton Notes Writing Arguments: Chapter 2
The Core of an Argument: A Claim with Reasons
Learning Objectives: In this chapter, you will learn to
2.1 Describe the key elements of classical argument.
2.2 Explain the rhetorical appeals of logos, ethos, and pathos.
2.3 Distinguish between issue and information questions and between genuine and pseudo-arguments.
2.4 Describe the basic frame of an argument.
- Chapter one explains that argument is best viewed as a ___________________of reasonable stakeholders seeking the best _______________ to a shared problem or issue.
- The Classical Structure of Argument- label these Latin terms first formalized by Roman rhetoricians Cicero and Quintilian and now commonly used in Aristotelian argument:
- In todays terms, list and describe the four important elements that a writer would include in an introduction:
- The presentation of the writers position is typically the _______________ part of the argument. Here writers ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________. Usually each reason is developed into its own __________________ or a sequence of ______________________. Along the way, writers guide their readers with ____________________________________.
- When summarizing and responding to opposing views, writers have several options. They may summarize all of them together and then _________________a ___________ response, or they may ______________ and respond to each _________________ in turn. Writers may respond to opposing views either by ________________ them or by _____________ to their _________________ and shifting to a different field of values.
- Summarize what writers do in the conclusion of an argument:
- Explain why in some cases it might be best to use a different structure for an argument than the typical classical structure.
- Label the rhetorical triangle:
- List the key elements of logos-
- List the key elements of ethos-
- List the key elements of pathos-
- What is Kairos? Why is it important to consider when writing an argument?
- What is the difference between an issue question and an information question? Give an example of each.
- Rational arguments require three factors. Those include
- Describe the difference between a true believer and a fanatical skeptic.
- Summarize why it is difficult to have a successful argument without shared assumptions especially on topics stemming from personal preference, religion, or politics.
- Summarize the issue of lack of confidence in evidence-
- The claim of your essay is ______________________________________________. To put it another way, your claim is your essays thesis statement, a one-sentence summary answer to your issue question. You task, then, is to ____________________________________________________________________.
- A reason (also called a premise) is a _____________________________. A reason is usually linked to the claim with a connecting word such as __________________________________________________________, indicating that the claim follows logically from the reason.
- Formulating a list of ______________ in this way breaks your argumentative task into a series of ____________. It gives you a _________________ for building your argument in parts.
- To summarize, The ____________ of an argument consists of the ______________(the essays thesis statement), which is supported by one or more______________, which are in turn supported by _____________ or sequences of further _________________.
- Even though logical relationships can be stated in various ways, writing out one of more ____________ clauses seems to be the most succinct and manageable way to ____________________________. It is recommended that during the writing process, you create a _____________ thesis statement that summarizes your main reasons as because clauses attached to your ____________.
Exordium-
Narratio-
Propositio-
Partitio-
Confirmatio-
Confutatio-
Peroratio-
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
Review the activity on page 25 for practice in identifying pseudo or genuine arguments.
Frame of an Argument: A Claim Supported by Reasons
Read the sample viewpoints on the debate over keeping animals in marine parks.
Review the activity at the bottom of page 27 on using images to support an argument.
Expressing Reasons in Because Clauses